BackTrack 5 KDE startx problem fixed

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While installing the BackTrack 5 KDE(64 bit) OS when you try to enter into GUI mode via typing startx you get a strange error message like this:


This is well known bug in BackTrack 5 KDE (64 bit version) and many user asked me about the solution of this bug.
This problem can be fixed by deleting the kcache files from the following directories:

• /root/.kde/cache-bt
• /root/.kde/cache-root

Since GUI is not available without the startx so you will have to use the commands to delete all kcache files in the above directories.So Type the following commands

# cd /root/.kde/
# find . -type f -iname "*.kcache" -delete

or

rm /root/.kde/cache-root/icon-cache.kcache
rm /root/.kde/cache-root/plasma_theme_Volatile.kcacherm /root/.kde/cache-bt/icon-cache.kcache
rm /root/.kde/cache-bt/plasma_theme_Volatile.kcache

As usual now type startx command.

Some people also found some alternatives to fix this problem you can also try these

• Boot from live cd or use vmware to boot the backtrack
  
• Wait till the screen to decide which mode to boot.
  
• Press the TAB key. (This opens the grub options for the live boot)
  
• Change the section with "text splash vga=791" to "text splash vga=791 i915.modeset=1".
  
• Press the ENTER key.
  
• Type startx and Wait for Gui to appear

More on this at techcresendo.com

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Creating and Running a Linux Script file

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Scripting is very powerful feature of Linux.It helps the administrator of Linux to automate the daily routine task so it is recommended to learn scripting for Linux administrators.Shell scripts are much more like MS DOS batch file.Any way I am not making you a Linux admin but in any case if you learn the scripting you will feel its benefits by yourself.
In this blog post I will describe the various methods to run a Linux script file.
A Linux script file contains the scripting commands written in it and this file has “.sh” extension(not mandatory).We can run this file in four ways.I will discuss them one by one.
1.<shell name> <script-name>

bash myscript
or
ksh myscript

In this case a new shell(bash or korn for the above case) will be spawned from the previous parent shell and your script will in the child shell.
2. ./<script-name>

./myscript

In this case also a new shell is spawned but in this case first we will have to change the file permission of the script file to be executable using chmod command then we can run.
e.g chmod +x myscript or chmod 755 myscript
3.  . <script-name>

.myscript

In this case new shell will not be spawned neither we have to set the file permission for the script.
4. Self executable script file:
In this type of run we just give the name of script and it will run automatically i.e self executable.

but for this first line of your script should contain:

#!/bin/bash   (or path of any shell)

#!(path)

If you do not know the path of shells or the no of shells present in your system type:

cat /etc/shells

It will show the required information.

One more thing if you want to know whether new shell was created or not you can execute the


following command at terminal before executing a shell script and after executing the shell script:


echo $$


It will show the PID of the current shell.

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Get Satanic version of Ubuntu: Linux for Beasts

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Ubuntu Satanic Edition is an Ubuntu based operating system with very dark bloody themes.It has also heavy music albums  from Indian band Theorized, T.A.N.K from Germany, Lost World Order from France and New York thrashers Deathalizer.

It is Gnome 2 based Ubuntu operating system and comes as live CD and DVD .
Satanic Edition has many applications are included, plus thousands more available to download and install at the click of a button.All of them are open source and free.
Installation of Satanic Ubuntu can be done in same way as Ubuntu e.g. boot directly from CD/DVD or install from CD/DVD or installed inside Windows.
If you already have Ubuntu installed, you can simply add the packages related to Satanic Ubuntu by following these instructions.
You can download the Satanic Ubuntu Cd and Dvd from the following link:

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                                                              Download Undead CD

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                                                              Download Undead DVD

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Get a look of this OS for beasts:

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Get Open source version of Microsoft Windows :ReactOs

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ReactOS is an open source operating system developed by ReactOS Foundation based on the design of Windows® XP/2003. It is not based on linux kernel rather it follows Windows-NT® architecture designed by Microsoft.
It provides similar user interface and look and feel as Windows® XP/2003 and is binary compatible with Windows®.

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This means ReactOS will allow your Windows® applications and drivers to run as they would on your Windows system.
ReactOS is licensed under GNU GPL(General Public License).
ReactOS currently only supports the x86 processor architecture and some other architectures support are under development.

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Developers of ReactOS claim that they  have not looked at Windows® source code. They have used the public documentation of Windows® OSes to understand the Windows® architecture.
It is currently in alpha stage of development and not recommended for daily use since some functionality are still to be implemented. 
Still you can give it a try and test it for fun:
You can download it from here:

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                                                              Download ReactOS

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Basic UNIX/LINUX command:cp

This command lets you to copy files.

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Command	Switch	Result
cp	source destination	If destination file does not exists then it will be created before copying other wise overwritten.
cp	src1 src2 src3 destination	copy more than one files into a single destination
cp	src* destination	copy all files beginning with src into destination
cp	-i src destination	warns user before overwriting
cp	-R srcdir destination	Copy directory structure

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Basic UNIX/LINUX command:cd command

This command is same as MSDOS cd command which is used for changing directories.

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cd:

Command	Switch	Result
cd	~ username	Switches home directory of user
cd		Switches to home directory of current user
cd	~	toggles between current and previous directory
cd	Desktop /	Changes to relative directory desktop
cd	..	Changes to one level up in the directory tree
cd	../..	Changes to two level up in the directory tree

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Basic UNIX/LINUX commands:ls command

Some of the most frequently used commands in Linux are:

1.ls: This command is used for directory listing.It is same as dir command in MSDOS.
Switches used with this command are:

COMMAND	SWITCH	RESULT
ls	-a	displays all file name including those beginning with a dot
ls	-d .*	Only filenames beginning with a dot
ls	/	lists the contents of the root directory
ls	-l	prints long listing with description of permissions,links,ownership,size etc
ls	/dir	filenames inside dir
ls	-d /dir	only shows the description of dir not its content
ls	-R	recursive file list
ls	-t	Filenames sorted by last modification time
ls	-u	Filenames sorted by last access time
ls	-i	inode number
ls	-ltr	sorts listing chronologically form older to newer

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Installing linux distros from USB drive

To test different flavors of Linux we can use pen drive instead of writing ISO image to cd/dvd. For this first of all we have to download a free software called UNETBOOTIN. It can be downloaded form following site:http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/. By using this utility we can create live USB DRIVE for Ubuntu,fedora,Mint and many other available distributions.

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Unix Architecture Overview

Kernel
Unix is a multitasking, multiuser, operating system, designed from day one to be lean and
effective in dealing with real time processing of information. The operating system
design essentially embodies effective operating system control over resources (hard disk,
tapes, screen, filesystem, etc.), so that as many applications as possible to support over
the system can run concurrently, without problem.
The architecture of Unix is relatively simple. Unix derives most of its functionality via
the Kernel, which is a block of code that supports all interaction with end user
applications, shells, etc.
Process Structure
Unix systems multitask applications in what is generally regarded as "user" mode,
whereas the kernel code itself runs in "kernel" or "privileged" mode. The differences are
important - kernel code is customized, via device drivers, for the hardware platform -
hence, the kernel can take advantage, thru device drivers, of specialized processor
functionality that make the multitasking of applications much smoother.
User mode applications, however, are restricted in their ability to access certain processor
instructions, and furthermore, the system is able to keep tabs on what an application does
with resources such as memory, files, etc., independent of any other application. Such
concepts like memory management, virtual memory, etc., are not new to the Unix world -
they were implemented years ahead of the DOS/Windows environment because Unix
needs them to operate!
Input/Output and Piping
Unix console applications work in a similar fashion as do Windows console application
they both support keyboard oriented input, and text mode output.
Unix supports all standard input/output mechanisms, including C functions like printf(),
gets() and so forth. Just like with a Windows console, these standard sources can be
redirected.
Thus, the output of a given command can be directed to a file or device by using the ‘>’
symbol (greater than) to direct the output from the normal “stdout” destination. The inp
of a given command can be read from a file or device by using the ‘<’ symbol (less than
to pull the input from a file rather than the normal “stdin” destination.
Unix generally supports the ability to select which input or output source you wish to
redirect. Prefacing a digit in front of the input or output redirection symbol does this. 0
indicates stdin, 1 indicates stdout, and 2 indicates stderr (the error destination which
normally isn’t redirected).

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